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Trigger’s main components in arguing for a pluralistic approach to Egyptian urbanism are grounded in the Early State Model (Renfrew 1975) and Johnson’s (1973) principle
“that ... a [state] administrative hierarchy ... consists of three or more levels” (Trigger 1985, 345). These levels equate to Hassan’s model of village, town (secondary administrative centres) and the country’s capital, wherein limitations on distances between villages are imposed by transportational constraints.

However, topographical and ideological considerations are also determinative in settlement placings, as well as in the internal structure of settlements. There is no such thing as the typical predynastic of dynastic complex settlement. Each site has to be investigated with regards to its geographical setting and historical background, with atypical sites like Elephantine best equipped to shed light on typical processes and their implications.

Download Ebook The nature of urbanism in Ancient Egypt by Michael Brass